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Historically, the agriculture sector has been Turkey's largest employer and a major contributor to the country's GDP, exports and industrial growth. However, as the country has developed, agriculture has declined in importance relative to the rapidly growing industry and services sectors.

Although the share of agriculture in the Turkish economy has tended to fall over a period of several decades due to the increase in industrial and services sectors, it still accounts for a relatively larger share of total output and employment than in many other countries. Agriculture's share of GDP declined from 35 percent in 1970 to 22 percent in 1980 and to 14 percent in 1999. Crops represent 55 percent of the agricultural sector, livestock represents 34 percent and the rest comprises forestry and aquaculture.

Turkey is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural products in the Near East and North African region. Export of agricultural commodities (excluding agroindustry) valued at $ 2.4 billion in 1999 and accounted for 9 percent of Turkey's total export earnings.

Turkey has a vast agricultural resource base with significant potential to expand output, particularly through increased crop yields. In the past, the government has intervened heavily its agricultural sector through price supports, input subsidies, import protection, marketing monopolies and export subsidies and taxes. To increase food self-sufficiency and rural development, stabilise farmers' incomes, provide adequate nutrition and affordable food and promote exports have been adopted among government objectives.

Since implementing its first structural adjustment program in 1980, Turkey has developed ongoing series of agricultural policy reforms designed to privatize markets, to reduce agricultural subsidies, to remove trade barriers and to integrate Turkey into the global economy. Measures adopted under the program included currency devaluation, price and trade liberalization and the opening of financial markets.

Turkey's structural adjustment program improved agricultural export competitiveness and increased output and trade, from 1980 to 1999 overall volume of agricultural production rose by an average of 3 percent per year. Output and yields of the major agricultural products increased steadily.

During this period a number of changes occurred. Cultivated land area rose by an estimated 2.4 million hectar, approximately 14.5 percent. The most intense change occurred in 1982, when fallow area dropped by 1.6 million hectar compared to previous year, as a result of large input imports, particularly seed and fertiliser. In addition, a strong push in the production and export of pulses tripled the area devoted to those crops. While overall yields have risen, there were regional differences in fertility. Field crop yields are usually two to three times higher in the milder coastal areas (Aegean and Mediterranean regions) than in the colder and generally drier areas of central and eastern Turkey.

	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
CEREALS	31068	29071	31660	26934	28083	29231	29650	33061
Wheat	20400	19300	21000	17500	18000	18500	18650	21000
Barley	7800	6900	7500	7000	7700	8000	8200	9000
PULSES	1973	1823	1946	1679	1849	1832	1700	1599
Chickpeas	855	770	740	650	730	732	720	625
Lentils	640	600	735	610	665	645	515	540
INDUSTRIAL CROPS	16339	16095	16588	13624	12294	15603	19577	23130
Tobacco	241	334	339	218	204	225	286	250
Sugar beet	15474	15126	15621	12944	11171	14543	18401	21941
Cotton lint	559	574	602	628	837	784	795	858
OIL SEEDS	1934	2061	1882	1859	2367	2166	2255	2355
Sunflower	800	950	815	740	900	780	900	860
TUBER CROPS	6348	6452	6465	6315	7785	7040	7400	7720
Potatoes	4600	4600	4650	4350	4750	4950	5100	5250
Dry onions	1600	1700	1650	1800	2850	1900	2100	2270
FRESH VEGETABLES	17438	17468	16819	17779	18944	20216	18784	21152
Tomatoes	6200	6450	6150	6350	7250	7800	6600	8290
Melons (inc. watermelons)	5700	5300	4900	5100	5400	5800	5550	5815
EDIBLE NUTS	628	801	598	773	715	729	689	826
Hazelnuts	315	520	305	490	455	446	410	580
FRESH FRUITS	9401	9431	10798	10500	9593	9932	9928	9359
Table grapes	3600	3450	3700	3450	3550	3700	3700	3600
Apples	1900	2100	2080	2095	2100	2200	2550	2450
Citrus fruits	1696	1674	1737	1878	1782	1820	1433	1943
OLIVES	640	750	550	1400	515	1800	520	1650
TEA (green leaves)	683	724	579	654	524	600	752	979
NUMBER OF HENS (1000)	139207	152530	178260	183684	129015	152957	166273	236997
HENS’ EGGS (mil)	7668	8215	10006	9845	10269	9787	12089	13888
HONEY	55	60	59	55	69	63	63	67
NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK (1000)	65176	63746	59584	57111	56268	55385	51126	49771
Sheep	40433	39416	37541	35646	33791	33072	30238	29435
Cattle	11973	11951	11910	11901	11789	11886	11185	11031
MILK	10240	10279	10406	10562	10602	10761	10077	9971
MEAT	467	449	432	466	415	417	517	533

Despite the overall trade deficit of Turkey, the agriculture trade balance is significantly positive, providing some relief to external accounts. Trade liberalization and rising demand in the region resulted in agricultural product exports rising to a value of $ 2.4 billion in 1999.

A long-standing goal of the Turkish Government and one of the main component of the five-year development plan is to provide an adequate and balanced diet for a growing population and, in particular, to increase per capita consumption of animal proteins. As economic development increases dietary diversity, the country's caloric intake is approaching European levels.

Over the last three decades, Turkey's population has been migrating not only to urban areas but also to other countries. In 1950, the rural population represented 75 percent of the total; four decades later, it has dropped to 40 percent. In the 1980s, urbanisation grew at an annual rate of 6 percent. Rural-urban migration is largely an inevitable consequence of industrialization.

Resources and Environment

There are economic disparities between rural and urban areas. However, the government is strengthening infrastructure, communications, and the agriculture resource base and expanding employment opportunities by upgrading local enterprises and attracting new industries. The focus of the policy is the development of the Southern Anatolian Project (GAP).

Irrigation is a means of reducing weather-induced production variations. Therefore, Turkey is giving high priority to improving land and water resources and expanding irrigation. It has designated about two-thirds of total public agricultural investment for land and water improvement.

Environmental degradation and resource conservation are of increasing concern to the Turkish agricultural sector. Intensifying production, especially by using chemical fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation, puts further emphasis on the environment.


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